目的：单个骨骼的本地化和细分是许多计划和导航应用程序中重要的预处理步骤。但是，如果手动完成，这是一项耗时和重复的任务。这不仅对于临床实践，而且对于获取培训数据都是正确的。因此，我们不仅提出了一种端到端学习的算法，该算法能够在上身CT中分割125个不同的骨骼，而且还提供了基于合奏的不确定性度量，有助于单张扫描以扩大训练数据集。方法我们使用受3D-UNET和完全监督培训启发的神经网络体系结构创建全自动的端到端学习细分。使用合奏和推理时间扩展改进结果。我们研究了合奏 - 不确定性与未标记的扫描的前瞻性用途，这是培训数据集的一部分。结果：我们的方法在16个上体CT扫描的内部数据集上进行评估，每个维度的分辨率为\ si {2} {\ milli \ meter}。考虑到我们标签集中的所有125个骨头，我们最成功的合奏中位数骰子得分系数为0.83。我们发现扫描的集合不确定性与其对扩大训练集中获得的准确性的前瞻性影响之间缺乏相关性。同时，我们表明集成不确定性与初始自动分割后需要手动校正的体素数量相关，从而最大程度地降低了最终确定新的地面真实分段所需的时间。结论：结合结合，集合不确定性低的扫描需要更少的注释时间，同时产生类似的未来DSC改进。因此，它们是扩大从CT扫描的上身不同骨分割的训练集的理想候选者。 }

扩散模型对图像的生成建模表现出令人印象深刻的性能。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于扩散模型的新型语义分段方法。通过修改培训和采样方案，我们表明扩散模型可以执行医学图像的病变分割。为了生成图像特定的分割，我们在地面真实分割上培训模型，并在采样过程中使用图像作为先前的图像。通过给定的随机抽样过程，我们可以生成分割面罩的分布。此属性允许我们计算分割的像素方面的不确定性地图，并允许增加分段性能的分段内隐式集合。我们评估我们在Brats2020数据集上进行脑肿瘤细分的方法。与最先进的分割模型相比，我们的方法产生了良好的细分结果，另外，有意义地，有意义的不确定性地图。

大型图像数据集的有限可用性是在医学中开发准确宽大的机器学习方法的主要问题。数据量的限制主要是由于使用不同的采集协议，不同的硬件和数据隐私。同时，培训小型数据集的分类模型会导致模型的较差质量差。为了克服这个问题，通常使用不同出处的各种图像数据集的组合，例如，多站点研究。然而，如果附加数据集不包括任务的所有类别，则可以将分类模型的学习偏置到设备或获取地点。磁共振（MR）图像特别是磁共振（MR）图像的情况，其中不同的MR扫描仪引入限制模型性能的偏差。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法学习忽略图像中存在的扫描仪相关的特征，同时学习与分类任务相关的功能。我们专注于真实世界的情景，只有一个小型数据集提供所有类的图像。我们通过对潜伏空间引入特定的额外限制来利用这种情况，这引起了对疾病相关而非扫描仪的特征的关注。我们的方法学会在多站点MRI数据集上忽略优于艺术域的最新域适应方法，在多发性硬化患者和健康受试者之间的分类任务上。

Over the past decade, neural networks have been successful at making predictions from biological sequences, especially in the context of regulatory genomics. As in other fields of deep learning, tools have been devised to extract features such as sequence motifs that can explain the predictions made by a trained network. Here we intend to go beyond explainable machine learning and introduce SEISM, a selective inference procedure to test the association between these extracted features and the predicted phenotype. In particular, we discuss how training a one-layer convolutional network is formally equivalent to selecting motifs maximizing some association score. We adapt existing sampling-based selective inference procedures by quantizing this selection over an infinite set to a large but finite grid. Finally, we show that sampling under a specific choice of parameters is sufficient to characterize the composite null hypothesis typically used for selective inference-a result that goes well beyond our particular framework. We illustrate the behavior of our method in terms of calibration, power and speed and discuss its power/speed trade-off with a simpler data-split strategy. SEISM paves the way to an easier analysis of neural networks used in regulatory genomics, and to more powerful methods for genome wide association studies (GWAS).

In intensively managed forests in Europe, where forests are divided into stands of small size and may show heterogeneity within stands, a high spatial resolution (10 - 20 meters) is arguably needed to capture the differences in canopy height. In this work, we developed a deep learning model based on multi-stream remote sensing measurements to create a high-resolution canopy height map over the "Landes de Gascogne" forest in France, a large maritime pine plantation of 13,000 km$^2$ with flat terrain and intensive management. This area is characterized by even-aged and mono-specific stands, of a typical length of a few hundred meters, harvested every 35 to 50 years. Our deep learning U-Net model uses multi-band images from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 with composite time averages as input to predict tree height derived from GEDI waveforms. The evaluation is performed with external validation data from forest inventory plots and a stereo 3D reconstruction model based on Skysat imagery available at specific locations. We trained seven different U-net models based on a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands to evaluate the importance of each instrument in the dominant height retrieval. The model outputs allow us to generate a 10 m resolution canopy height map of the whole "Landes de Gascogne" forest area for 2020 with a mean absolute error of 2.02 m on the Test dataset. The best predictions were obtained using all available satellite layers from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 but using only one satellite source also provided good predictions. For all validation datasets in coniferous forests, our model showed better metrics than previous canopy height models available in the same region.

Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a commonly used technique for improving the generalization of compact Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) on downstream tasks. However, such methods impose the additional burden of training a separate teacher model for every new dataset. Alternatively, one may directly work on the improvement of the optimization procedure of the compact model toward better generalization. Recent works observe that the flatness of the local minimum correlates well with better generalization. In this work, we adapt Stochastic Weight Averaging (SWA), a method encouraging convergence to a flatter minimum, to fine-tuning PLMs. We conduct extensive experiments on various NLP tasks (text classification, question answering, and generation) and different model architectures and demonstrate that our adaptation improves the generalization without extra computation cost. Moreover, we observe that this simple optimization technique is able to outperform the state-of-the-art KD methods for compact models.

This work addresses the problems of (a) designing utilization measurements of trained artificial intelligence (AI) models and (b) explaining how training data are encoded in AI models based on those measurements. The problems are motivated by the lack of explainability of AI models in security and safety critical applications, such as the use of AI models for classification of traffic signs in self-driving cars. We approach the problems by introducing theoretical underpinnings of AI model utilization measurement and understanding patterns in utilization-based class encodings of traffic signs at the level of computation graphs (AI models), subgraphs, and graph nodes. Conceptually, utilization is defined at each graph node (computation unit) of an AI model based on the number and distribution of unique outputs in the space of all possible outputs (tensor-states). In this work, utilization measurements are extracted from AI models, which include poisoned and clean AI models. In contrast to clean AI models, the poisoned AI models were trained with traffic sign images containing systematic, physically realizable, traffic sign modifications (i.e., triggers) to change a correct class label to another label in a presence of such a trigger. We analyze class encodings of such clean and poisoned AI models, and conclude with implications for trojan injection and detection.

White matter bundle segmentation is a cornerstone of modern tractography to study the brain's structural connectivity in domains such as neurological disorders, neurosurgery, and aging. In this study, we present FIESTA (FIber gEneration and bundle Segmentation in Tractography using Autoencoders), a reliable and robust, fully automated, and easily semi-automatically calibrated pipeline based on deep autoencoders that can dissect and fully populate WM bundles. Our framework allows the transition from one anatomical bundle definition to another with marginal calibrating time. This pipeline is built upon FINTA, CINTA, and GESTA methods that demonstrated how autoencoders can be used successfully for streamline filtering, bundling, and streamline generation in tractography. Our proposed method improves bundling coverage by recovering hard-to-track bundles with generative sampling through the latent space seeding of the subject bundle and the atlas bundle. A latent space of streamlines is learned using autoencoder-based modeling combined with contrastive learning. Using an atlas of bundles in standard space (MNI), our proposed method segments new tractograms using the autoencoder latent distance between each tractogram streamline and its closest neighbor bundle in the atlas of bundles. Intra-subject bundle reliability is improved by recovering hard-to-track streamlines, using the autoencoder to generate new streamlines that increase each bundle's spatial coverage while remaining anatomically meaningful. Results show that our method is more reliable than state-of-the-art automated virtual dissection methods such as RecoBundles, RecoBundlesX, TractSeg, White Matter Analysis and XTRACT. Overall, these results show that our framework improves the practicality and usability of current state-of-the-art bundling framework

There are many potential benefits to news readers accessing diverse sources. Modern news aggregators do the hard work of organizing the news, offering readers a plethora of source options, but choosing which source to read remains challenging. We propose a new framework to assist readers in identifying source differences and gaining an understanding of news coverage diversity. The framework is based on the generation of Discord Questions: questions with a diverse answer pool, explicitly illustrating source differences. To assemble a prototype of the framework, we focus on two components: (1) discord question generation, the task of generating questions answered differently by sources, for which we propose an automatic scoring method, and create a model that improves performance from current question generation (QG) methods by 5%, (2) answer consolidation, the task of grouping answers to a question that are semantically similar, for which we collect data and repurpose a method that achieves 81% balanced accuracy on our realistic test set. We illustrate the framework's feasibility through a prototype interface. Even though model performance at discord QG still lags human performance by more than 15%, generated questions are judged to be more interesting than factoid questions and can reveal differences in the level of detail, sentiment, and reasoning of sources in news coverage.

In a fissile material, the inherent multiplicity of neutrons born through induced fissions leads to correlations in their detection statistics. The correlations between neutrons can be used to trace back some characteristics of the fissile material. This technique known as neutron noise analysis has applications in nuclear safeguards or waste identification. It provides a non-destructive examination method for an unknown fissile material. This is an example of an inverse problem where the cause is inferred from observations of the consequences. However, neutron correlation measurements are often noisy because of the stochastic nature of the underlying processes. This makes the resolution of the inverse problem more complex since the measurements are strongly dependent on the material characteristics. A minor change in the material properties can lead to very different outputs. Such an inverse problem is said to be ill-posed. For an ill-posed inverse problem the inverse uncertainty quantification is crucial. Indeed, seemingly low noise in the data can lead to strong uncertainties in the estimation of the material properties. Moreover, the analytical framework commonly used to describe neutron correlations relies on strong physical assumptions and is thus inherently biased. This paper addresses dual goals. Firstly, surrogate models are used to improve neutron correlations predictions and quantify the errors on those predictions. Then, the inverse uncertainty quantification is performed to include the impact of measurement error alongside the residual model bias.